s trade in the market of an adjoining town where, however, he would be charged a heavy toll for the privilege and get a less favourable spot for his stand than the local craftsmen. Another chance for him to make a sale was to the congregation gathered for Sunday morning worship. Although no trade was allowed anywhere during the hours of the service (except at annual fair times), after church there would be some trade at the church door with departing country folk.
The trade of markets was almost wholly concerned with exchanging the products of the nearby countryside and the goods made by local craftsmen with the result that the genuine retail dealer had very little place. In all goods sold in the market but particularly in food retail dealing was distrusted as a kind of profiteering. Even when there was enough trade being done to afford a livelihood to an enterprising man ready to buy wholesale and sell retail, town authorities were reluctant to allow it.
Yet there were plainly people who were tempted to ‘ forestall the market’ by buying goods outside it, and to ‘ regrate’ them, that is to resell them, at a higher price. The constantly repeated rules against there practices and the endlessly recurring prosecutions mentioned in the records of all the larger towns prove that some well-informed and sharp-witted people did these things.
Every town made its own laws and if it was big enough to have craft guilds, these associations would regulate the business of their members and tried to enforce a strict monopoly of their own trades. Yet while the guild leaders, as craftsmen, followed fiercely protectionist policies, at the same time, as leading townsmen, they wanted to see a big, busy market yielding a handsome revenue in various dues and tolls. Conflicts of interest led to endless, minute regulations, changeable, often inconsistent, frequently absurd. There was a time in the fourteenth century, for example, when London fishmongers were not allowed to handle any fish that had not already been exposed for sale for three days by the men who caught it.
26. Craftsmen might prefer to trade in their own town because there they could _______.
(A) easily find good refreshment
(B) work in the open air
(C) start work very early
(D) have the well-placed stalls
27. A tradesman was not allowed to sell his goods only ________.
(A) on special market days
(B) at the annual fairs
(C) during Sunday morning services
(D) by the end of the services
28. In medieval markets there was little retail trade because ________.
(A) money was never used in sales
(B) producers sold directly to consumers
(C) there were no fixed positions for shops
(D) authorities were unwilling to make a profit
29. The expression “ forestall the market” (paragraph 3) means “ _________” .
(A) buy from a stall outside the market place
(B) acquire goods in quantity before the market
(C) have the best and the first stall in the market
(D) sell at a higher price than competitors
30. It can be concluded from the passage that the regulations enforced by craft guilds were often ________.
(A) unfair and unreasonable
(B) in the interest of the customers
(C) too complicated to comply with
(D) disapproved by the local authorities
SECTION 3: TRANSLATION TEST (1)
(30 MINUTES)
Direction: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.
If the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) thinks it can largely curtail the nation’ s terrorism problems by focusing on college students, we all should worry.
Identification cards already are required here for most persons to enter their workplace, take an airplane flight or go into a public building, including my campus library. The idea of a national ID, however, was knocked out of earlier drafts of legislation by a coalition of civil rights and ethnic groups, who opposed a requirement that all non-citizens carry identifying documents. In some degree, they have a point.
We must fact the fact— and benefit from realizing— that no one can drive, or fly, or enter many private and public buildings without a picture ID, usually a driver’ s license or passport. That means that practically all Americans already must have what in effect is a national ID card.
We already routinely screen people. If we would just make good use of the national ID cards we have— and improve them— we could enhance our safety, avoid discrimination and not spend millions on another system.
SECTION 4: TRANSLATION TEST (2)
(30 MINUTES)
Direction: Translate the following passage into English and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.
到 2007年，上海市人均国内生产总值预计将达到 7500美元。这一目标的实现，最直接的应该是老百姓住得更宽敞、更舒适了。因为从市民的“衣、食、住、行”消费来讲，住房是一个重要因素，而且占了大头。届时，上海人均住房面积会大幅增加。除此之外，老百姓的服务性消费，如教育、信息、旅游等消费也会大量增长。用一句话来表述，那便是未来老百姓的生活会更好，那时的老百姓的生活将和中等发达国家的居民一样。
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